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Household Food Security in the
United States, 2009
Mark Nord, Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Margaret Andrews, and Steven Carlson
Economic Research Report No. (ERR-108) 68 pp, November 2010
What Is the Issue?
Most U.S. households have consistent, dependable access to enough food for active, healthy living—
they are food secure. But a minority of American households experience food insecurity at times
during the year, meaning that their access to adequate food is limited by lack of money and other
resources. Food and nutrition assistance programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
increase food security by providing low-income households access to food, a healthful diet, and
nutrition education. Reliable monitoring of food security contributes to the effective operation
of these programs and other government initiatives aimed at reducing food insecurity, as well as
private food assistance programs. USDA monitors the extent and severity of food insecurity in U.S.
households through an annual, nationally representative survey. This report presents results from
the survey—statistics on households’ food security, food expenditures, and use of food and nutrition
assistance programs in 2009.
What Did the Study Find?
The food security of U.S. households, when measured over the entire year, remained essentially
unchanged from 2008 to 2009, with the prevalence of food insecurity at each level of severity
remaining at the highest percentage observed since nationally representative food security surveys
began in 1995. However, during the final 30 days covered by the 2009 survey, food insecurity in
the severe range (described as very low food security) was somewhat less prevalent than during the
corresponding period in 2008. Following are some of the main findings of the report:
• In 2009, 85.3 percent of U.S. households were food secure throughout the year. The remaining
14.7 percent (17.4 million households) were food insecure, essentially unchanged from 14.6
percent in 2008. Food-insecure households had difficulty at some time during the year providing
enough food for all their members due to a lack of resources. About a third of food-insecure
households (6.8 million households, or 5.7 percent of all U.S. households) had very low food
security, a severe range of food insecurity in which the food intake of some household members
was reduced and normal eating patterns were disrupted due to limited resources. The prevalence
of very low food security was unchanged from 2008.
• In the final 30-day period covered by the 2009 survey—from mid-November to mid-
December—3.3 percent of households had very low food security, down from 3.6 percent during
the corresponding period in 2008. Improvements were most notable for low-income households,
households with children, Black non-Hispanic households, and households in the Northeast
Census region.
• Children were food insecure at times during the year in 4.2 million households (10.6 percent of households with
children). Although children are usually shielded from disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake, children
along with adults experienced instances of very low food security in 469,000 households (1.2 percent of households
with children) in 2009, essentially unchanged from 1.3 percent in 2008.
• On a given day, the number of households with very low food security was a small fraction of the number that
experienced this condition “at some time during the year.” Typically, households classified as having very low food
security experienced the condition in 7 months of the year, for a few days in each of those months.
• Rates of food insecurity were substantially higher than the national average among households with incomes near
or below the Federal poverty line, among households with children headed by single parents, and among Black and
Hispanic households.
• Food insecurity was more common in large cities than in rural areas and in suburbs and other outlying areas
around large cities.
• The typical (median) food-secure household spent 33 percent more for food than the typical food-insecure household
of the same size and composition.
• Fifty-seven percent of food-insecure households in the survey reported that in the previous month they had participated
in one or more of the three largest Federal food and nutrition assistance programs.
How Was the Study Conducted?
Data for the ERS food security reports come from an annual survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau as a supplement
to the monthly Current Population Survey. USDA sponsors the annual survey, and USDA’s Economic Research
Service (ERS) compiles and analyzes the responses. The 2009 food security survey covered about 46,000 households
comprising a representative sample of the U.S. civilian population of 118 million households. The food security survey
asked one adult respondent in each household a series of questions about experiences and behaviors that indicate food
insecurity, such as being unable, at times, to afford balanced meals, cutting the size of meals because of too little
money for food, or being hungry because of too little money for food. The food security status of the household was
assigned based on the number of food-insecure conditions reported.
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