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Increased U.S.
Imports of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables have allowed U.S. consumers
to eat more fruit and vegetables and enjoy year-round access
to various fresh produce. Primary suppliers are the North American
Free Trade Agreement region for fresh vegetables, the Southern
Hemisphere countries for off-season fresh fruit, and equatorial
countries for bananas.
NAFTA at 13: Implementation Nears
Completion evaluates the impact of the North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as implementation of the accord draws
to a close. Just a handful of the agricultural trade restrictions
scheduled to be phased out under NAFTA remain, and these are
scheduled for elimination in 2008. Once NAFTA is fully
implemented, the member countries—Canada, Mexico, and the
United States—will need to exercise their national autonomy,
either individually or in concert, to achieve further integration
of their agricultural markets.
A Revolution
in Food Retailing Underway in the Asia-Pacific Region reports
that rapid economic growth and urbanization are transforming
the retail food sector in the developing economies of the Asia-Pacific
region. Expanding modern chain stores are offering consumers
lower prices, greater convenience, and higher quality and safer
food in increasingly complex, often congested, urban markets.
They are also forcing domestic marketing channels and food producers
to adapt and modernize.
North
America Moves Toward One Market describes how the agricultural
sectors of Canada, Mexico, and the United States are increasingly
behaving as if they form a single market. For example, many livestock
in North America have lived in at least two of these countries,
and U.S. consumers are purchasing fresh produce from both Mexico
and Canada. NAFTA at 11: The Growing
Integration of North American Agriculture provides additional
information on this subject, as it relates to the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Market Integration
of the North American Animal Products Complex examines the economic
integration of the beef, pork, and poultry industries of Mexico,
Canada, and the United States over the past two decades. Sanitary
barriers, which are designed to protect people and animals from
diseases, are among the more significant barriers to more complete
integration of meat and animal markets.
Recent Agricultural Policy Reforms
in North America identifies countercyclical assistance as the
common thread in the recent agricultural policy innovations of the
United States, Mexico,and Canada. In other areas, the three countries
are pursuing distinct agricultural policies, reflecting differing
national objectives and economic contexts.
North
American Greenhouse Tomatoes Emerge as a Major Market Force
reviews the rapid growth of the greenhouse tomato industry in North
American and its impact on the field tomato industry. Canada is
the biggest producer, followed by the United States and Mexico.
For the full report, see Greenhouse
Tomatoes Change the Dynamics of the North American Fresh Tomato
Industry.
NAFTA at 11: The Growing Integration
of North American Agriculture reports that the agricultural
sectors of Canada, Mexico, and the United States have become much
more integrated in the 11 years since implementation of the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). U.S. feedstuffs have facilitated
a marked increase in Mexican meat production and consumption, and
the importance of Canadian and Mexican produce to U.S. fruit and
vegetable consumption is also growing.
Where
Will Demographics Take the Asia-Pacific Food System? assesses
the impact of expanded urbanization, variability in population growth
and immigration, and aging populations on the Asia-Pacific food
system. The ability of developing countries to adjust to rapid urbanization
will be the most important demographic challenge, testing the region's
capacity to deliver a steady flow of safe, reasonably priced food.
Global Trade Patterns in Fruits
and Vegetables examines the domestic markets and trade experiences
of major fruit and vegetable traders—including the NAFTA area—to
better understand the economic and institutional factors affecting
trade. With major advances in produce handling and transport, combined
with trade agreements and changing consumers preferences as incomes
rise, a more global market is providing consumers with greater year-round
variety.
U.S.-Mexico Corn Trade
During the NAFTA Era: New Twists to an Old Story profiles the
growing corn trade between the two countries. While U.S. corn exports
to Mexico have more than tripled since NAFTA was implemented, the
majority of these exports are still yellow corn, which is used primarily
to feed livestock. In contrast, Mexico's corn sector produces mostly
white corn, which is used to manufacture tortillas and other traditional
Mexican foods.
Live
Cattle Exports from Mexico into the United States highlights
research on the origins and destinations of Mexican cattle imported
into the United States. Recent animal disease outbreaks, food safety
issues, and the possibility of agricultural terrorism raise concerns
about the need for information about the movements of agricultural
products into and within the United States. Livestock and meat are
of special concern, given the potential human health and economic
impacts of diseases.
U.S. Agriculture and the Free Trade
Area of the Americas (FTAA) examines the free trade area under
negotiation among the United States and 33 countries in the Western
Hemisphere. The FTAA will progressively liberalize trade and investment
in the region, leading to an estimated 6-percent increase in annual
U.S. agricultural exports to the Hemisphere and a 3-percent increase
in annual U.S. agricultural imports from the Hemisphere.
North American Agricultural Market
Integration and Its Impact on the Food and Fiber System reviews
the increasing integration of agricultural markets in Canada, Mexico,
and the United States that has resulted in more efficient use of
continental resources. NAFTA, technological change, and fundamental
forces of supply and demand have helped bring about a more unified
North American agricultural market.
Many factors determine the Structure
of the Global Markets for Meat, including the relative availability
of resources for raising and processing animals for meat. Countries'
preferences for various cuts of meat provide opportunities for international
trade.
NAFTA's
Impacts on U.S. Agriculture: Trade and Beyond concludes that
NAFTA has generally benefited U.S. agriculture and related industries.
NAFTA contributed to a more than doubling of U.S. agricultural trade
with Canada and Mexico in the 1990s. Beyond direct trade impacts,
NAFTA established rules and institutions that mitigate potential
trade frictions, promote foreign direct investment, and facilitate
discourse on environmental issues.
International Evidence on Food
Consumption Patterns analyzes expenditures across 114 countries
on major consumption categories, including food and different food
subcategories. Results indicate poorer countries are more responsive
to price and income changes and also allocate larger shares of their
total budget to necessities such as food.
U.S.-Mexico Broiler
Trade: A Bird's Eye View examines sanitary requirements and
regulations governing the U.S.-Mexico broiler trade. A sensitivity
analysis, using a cost-minimization mathematical programming model,
detects minimal economic impact on the U.S. broiler market if Mexico
is allowed to ship fresh, chilled, and frozen poultry to the United
States.
Mexico's Changing
Marketing System for Fresh Produce: Emerging Markets, Practices,
Trends, and Issues takes a detailed look at recent changes in
Mexico's fresh produce distribution system. The report identifies
the challenges that hinder the efficient distribution of fresh fruits
and vegetables, as well as the implications for U.S. growers and
shippers of fresh produce.
Effects of the North American
Free Trade Agreement on Agriculture and the Rural Economy provides
a commodity-level assessment of NAFTA's impact on U.S. agricultural
trade with Canada and Mexico and evaluates its influence on investment
and employment in agriculture and related industries. Also addressed
are the relationship between trade liberalization and the environment
and recent developments in U.S.-Mexico transportation.
U.S.-Mexico
Cattle Industries Becoming More Integrated examines how NAFTA
has changed cattle and beef trade between the United States and
Mexico: the markets are increasingly integrated, with more cross-border
trade in both live animals and beef (see page 29 of document).
U.S.-Mexico
Sweetener Trade Mired in Dispute looks at persistent disagreements
between the U.S. and Mexico over sugar and high-fructose corn syrup.
A Comparison of Food
Assistance Programs in Mexico and the United States compares
programs that promote access to safe, nutritious food and discusses
factors that affect each country's ability to provide food security.
Both Mexico and the United States consider food-assistance programs
an essential social safety net.
Mexico's
Pork Industry Structure Shifting to Large Operations in the 1990s
reviews recent rapid changes in the Mexican pork industry, changing
swine production technologies, intensified disease-control measures,
increased foreign trade, and economic and policy shocks.
Mexican Supermarkets
Spur New Produce Distribution System examines the Mexican produce-distribution
system, which is undergoing major structural change.
U.S. Firms
Invest in Mexico's Processed Food Industry examines the sharp
increase in foreign direct investment among the United States, Canada,
and Mexico and its role in paving the way for a regional food system.
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